[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":144},["Reactive",2],{"kb-nav":3,"kb-doc":96},[4,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,81,86,91],{"_path":5,"title":6,"description":7,"part":8,"chapterNumber":9},"/knowledge-base/networks/introduction","Introduction","Overview of the communication networks used in modern vehicles, from LIN to Automotive Ethernet.","Vehicle Networks & Protocols",1,{"_path":11,"title":12,"description":13,"part":8,"chapterNumber":14},"/knowledge-base/networks/vehicle-documentation","Vehicle Documentation","Where to find manufacturer wiring diagrams, J2534 passthrough devices, and the different types of diagrams that are useful when researching a vehicle.",2,{"_path":16,"title":17,"description":18,"part":8,"chapterNumber":19},"/knowledge-base/networks/lin-bus","Local Interconnect Network (LIN)","Local Interconnect Network — a single-wire low-speed bus used as a low-cost alternative to CAN for non-critical body electronics.",3,{"_path":21,"title":22,"description":23,"part":8,"chapterNumber":24},"/knowledge-base/networks/controller-area-network","Controller Area Network (CAN)","ISO 11898 — the differential bus that became the backbone of automotive networking. Frames, bit timing, errors, CAN FD, message contents, and practical attacks.",4,{"_path":26,"title":27,"description":28,"part":8,"chapterNumber":29},"/knowledge-base/networks/flexray","FlexRay","Time-triggered, deterministic automotive bus standardized as ISO 17458, designed for higher speeds and drive-by-wire systems.",5,{"_path":31,"title":32,"description":33,"part":8,"chapterNumber":34},"/knowledge-base/networks/automotive-ethernet","Automotive Ethernet","Automotive variants of Ethernet — 100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1, and 10BASE-T1S — built around single twisted-pair cabling and strict EMC requirements.",6,{"_path":36,"title":37,"description":38,"part":8,"chapterNumber":39},"/knowledge-base/networks/secure-onboard-communication","Secure Onboard Communication (SecOC)","AUTOSAR's standard for cryptographic message authentication on in-vehicle networks — freshness values, MAC computation and key management.",7,{"_path":41,"title":6,"description":42,"part":43,"chapterNumber":44},"/knowledge-base/diagnostics/introduction","Overview of automotive diagnostic protocols — ISO-TP, OBD-II, UDS, CCP and XCP — and how they layer on top of CAN.","Diagnostic Protocols",8,{"_path":46,"title":47,"description":48,"part":43,"chapterNumber":49},"/knowledge-base/diagnostics/iso-tp","ISO 15765-2 (ISO-TP)","ISO 15765-2 transport layer for sending diagnostic payloads larger than 8 bytes over CAN — single, first, consecutive and flow-control frames.",9,{"_path":51,"title":52,"description":53,"part":43,"chapterNumber":54},"/knowledge-base/diagnostics/vw-tp20","VW Transport Protocol 2.0 (TP 2.0)","Volkswagen's pre-ISO-TP transport layer for KWP2000 over CAN — channel setup, parameter negotiation, and the data exchange counter scheme.",10,{"_path":56,"title":57,"description":58,"part":43,"chapterNumber":59},"/knowledge-base/diagnostics/obd-ii","On-board diagnostics (OBD-II)","On-Board Diagnostics II — the J1962 connector, signal protocols, service IDs, parameter IDs, and DTC encoding.",11,{"_path":61,"title":62,"description":63,"part":43,"chapterNumber":64},"/knowledge-base/diagnostics/uds","Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS)","ISO 14229-1 — the modern diagnostic protocol for sessions, Read/Write DID, Security Access, Routine Control and firmware Request Download / Upload.",12,{"_path":66,"title":67,"description":68,"part":43,"chapterNumber":69},"/knowledge-base/diagnostics/ccp","CAN Calibration Protocol (CCP)","A low-level debug/calibration protocol over CAN — Command Receive Object, Data Transfer Object, and the commands used to read and write ECU memory.",13,{"_path":71,"title":72,"description":73,"part":43,"chapterNumber":74},"/knowledge-base/diagnostics/xcp","Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP)","ASAM XCP — successor to CCP supporting CAN, CAN FD, FlexRay, and Ethernet, with synchronous data acquisition, stimulation, and calibration.",14,{"_path":76,"title":77,"description":78,"part":79,"chapterNumber":80},"/knowledge-base/tools/can-adapters","CAN Adapters","USB-to-CAN adapters — comma.ai red panda and PEAK-System PCAN — and the standard DB-9 pinout for CAN.","Tools",15,{"_path":82,"title":83,"description":84,"part":79,"chapterNumber":85},"/knowledge-base/tools/can-analysis","CAN Analysis","Tools for analysing and reverse-engineering CAN traffic — comma.ai cabana, SavyCAN, VehicleSpy, and Wireshark.",16,{"_path":87,"title":88,"description":89,"part":79,"chapterNumber":90},"/knowledge-base/tools/scripting","Scripting","Python libraries and CLI tools for talking to a CAN bus — comma.ai panda, SocketCAN can-utils, python-can, and Scapy with ISO-TP and UDS examples.",17,{"_path":92,"title":93,"description":94,"part":79,"chapterNumber":95},"/knowledge-base/tools/dbc-files","DBC Files","The DBC file format used to describe the contents of CAN messages — nodes, messages, signals, comments, and value tables.",18,{"_path":5,"_dir":97,"_draft":98,"_partial":98,"_locale":99,"title":6,"description":7,"part":8,"chapterNumber":9,"body":100,"_type":139,"_id":140,"_source":141,"_file":142,"_extension":143},"networks",false,"",{"type":101,"children":102,"toc":137},"root",[103,111,117,122,127,132],{"type":104,"tag":105,"props":106,"children":108},"element","h1",{"id":107},"introduction",[109],{"type":110,"value":6},"text",{"type":104,"tag":112,"props":113,"children":114},"p",{},[115],{"type":110,"value":116},"This part of the knowledge base describes the types of communication networks used in a vehicle. Modern vehicles often have many ECUs, connected by different types of networks. First, common network topologies will be explained.",{"type":104,"tag":112,"props":118,"children":119},{},[120],{"type":110,"value":121},"Then the documentation offered by car manufacturers will be discussed. Most car manufacturers offer access to online portals with wiring diagrams and other useful information and software.",{"type":104,"tag":112,"props":123,"children":124},{},[125],{"type":110,"value":126},"Then the most commonly used networks in vehicles will be discussed: LIN, CAN, FlexRay, MOST and the different varieties of Automotive Ethernet.",{"type":104,"tag":112,"props":128,"children":129},{},[130],{"type":110,"value":131},"We will discuss the types of messages that are actually sent over these networks. The DBC file format is introduced to document the different signals inside the message payloads. Then some common integrity protection measures such as counters and checksums are covered. Finally, SecOC will be discussed, a recent standard to add a cryptographic MAC to messages to prevent tampering.",{"type":104,"tag":112,"props":133,"children":134},{},[135],{"type":110,"value":136},"Finally, different hardware and software tools will be shown to interact with a vehicle network and analyze the traffic. We will also show some programming examples of how to interact with different diagnostic protocols using Python.",{"title":99,"searchDepth":14,"depth":14,"links":138},[],"markdown","content:7.knowledge-base:1.networks:1.introduction.md","content","7.knowledge-base/1.networks/1.introduction.md","md",1778093001978]